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<H2>Screwdriver CD Spectroscope</H2>
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<P>
Screwdriver CD spectroscope is built with a 
<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver">screwdriver</A> 
 that has a round bright shaft and a piece of  
<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD">CD</A> 
that has its label removed.  The CD is mounted in a tube.

The screwdriver round bright shaft is used as the slit to reflect a sliver of light towards the CD.  
The clear CD is used as a transmission 
<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating">diffraction grating</A>
to disperse the light into a 
<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum">spectrum</A>.

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<P><B>Construction Details</B></P>
<P>  
The CD label was removed by an air compressor or you can use  
<A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cH_2mbsvBo">tape</A> (by niethammerzoltan).
<P>
To see the spectrum better the CD is mounted in the end of a three inch cardboard tube.  
</P>
<P>
To improve the spectrum contrast the tube is made darker on the inside by putting a half inch slot in the other end of the tube.  Also, black felt is rolled into a cylinder and put in to the tube to decrease light reflections off the inside of the tube.  In addition, three black foam light field stops (<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_stop">diaphragms</A>) about 2 inches in diameter were put in the tube to reduce light reflections off  the inside of the tube.
</P>
<P>
The CD is aligned with the half inch slot so that the spectrum is on each side of the wide slot.
</P>
<P>
The tube is mounted on the camera tripod so it is steady and it is confortable to look through.
</P>
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<P><B>Using the Screwdriver CD Spectroscope</B></P>
<P>
The screwdriver is put on the ground or held by a small vice to reflect the Sun’s light into the tube. Black felt is put behind the screwdriver to increase the light contrast.  
</P>
<P>
The screwdriver CD spectroscope is easy to use visually. The hydrogen beta, magnesium triple and sodium doublet absorption lines are easily observed.
</P>
<P>
Taking a photo of the spectrum is challenge. A tripod is used to position the camera over the CD. The camera needs to focus close in to obtain a sharp image of the spectrum.<BR>&nbsp; 
</P>
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_8954.jpg" ALT="Screwdriver CD Spectroscope"  WIDTH=288 HEIGHT=447 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE>
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_8961a.jpg" ALT="Screwdriver and CD"  WIDTH=332 HEIGHT=376 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE> 
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_8972.jpg" ALT="Screwdriver and CD"  WIDTH=409 HEIGHT=397 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE> 
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_8983.jpg" ALT="CD mounted on the end of a tube"  WIDTH=458 HEIGHT=447 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE> 
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_8997.jpg" ALT="CD mounted on the end of a tube"  WIDTH=457 HEIGHT=435 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE> 
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<P><B>CD and DVD Spectroscopes</B>&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../gif/links3.gif" ALT="Links" WIDTH=74 HEIGHT=30  BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE></P>

<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://ioannis.virtualcomposer2000.com/spectroscope/toyspectroscope.html#diagram">A Toy Spectroscope and Its Operational Diagram</A> by I.N. Galidakis 
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.natscience.com/Uwe/Forum.aspx/optics/2996/Improved-CD-spectroscope-design">Improved CD spectroscope design</A> by NatScience.com
</UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://astro.u-strasbg.fr/~koppen/spectro/spectroe.html">The CD ROM Spectroscope</A> by Joachim Köppen Kiel

<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhuxj/astro/html/spectrometer.html">CD Spectroscope</A> by Jerry Xiaojin Zhu 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/light/cd_spectroscope/spectroscope.html">Chapter 7: Light and Optics</A> by Simon Quellen Field 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/New_CoolStuff_Articles/cool22.aspx">Construction and Using Compact Discs as Diffraction Gratings - Three Approaches</A> by Chris Chiaverina 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.kidsmakestuff.com/articles/show/53l2">CD Spectroscope</A> by KidsMakeStuff.com 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://skolor.nacka.se/samskolan/eaae/summerschools/Spectro05Eng.html">SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE SCHOOL</A> by Simón García
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://littleshop.physics.colostate.edu/onlineexperiments/CD_Spectroscope.html">CD Spectroscope</A> by Little Shop of Physics
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit4/HandSpec/index.html">Supplement: Build Yourself a Simple Hand-Held Spectrograph</A> by Prof. Richard Pogge
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometer">Spectrometer</A> by Wikipedia
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.horiba.com/us/en/scientific/products/optics-tutorial//?Ovly=1">The Optics of Spectroscopy
A Tutorial</A> by J.M. Lerner and A. Thevenon
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.archive.org/details/howtoworkwithspe00browrich">How to work with the spectroscope : a manual of practical manipulation with spectroscopes of all kinds, ([1882])</A> by Browning, John
</UL>

<P><B>YouTube CD and DVD Spectroscoppes</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKKFPtcaZpQ">CD Diffraction</A> by falconphysics
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cH_2mbsvBo">CD Spectroscope</A> by niethammerzoltan
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--GnaivlF9Q">CD Spectroscope</A> by imslashjr
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YStZk2zANvk">DIY Spectroscope</A> by cowndelorean
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0h6rIItnmc">DVD solar spectroscope !</A> by Nytecam
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bBEvlk_FFw">More DVD doodles - solar spectrum</A> by Nytecam
</UL>


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<P><B>Sun Spectrum</B></P>
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<P><FONT COLOR=RED SIZE=+2>
<B>Warning<BR>
Do not look directly at the Sun with the CD.<BR>You can damage your eyes.<BR>
Look only at the reflection of the Sun from the screwdriver.</B></FONT>
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<P>
The solar spectrum image was taken with the screwdriver CD spectroscope and a Nikon D70 DSLR with a manual Nikkor 55mm macro f/2.8 lens at f/8. The focus was adjusted for the green part of the spectrum to capture the magnesium  triplet.  The three magnesium  triplet absorption lines are seen in the image.  The dark blue absorption line is hydrogen beta and the thick double dark line in the yellow-orange is the sodium doublet. 
</P>
<P>
The short wavelengths are on the left side of the spectrum which is blue and the long wavelengths are on the right side of the spectrum which is red. The far ends of the spectrum are out of focus.
</P>
<P>
When taking a photo of the spectrum the challenge is to not over expose parts of the spectrum.<BR>&nbsp; 
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_0007d.jpg" ALT="Screwdriver CD Solar Spectrum"  WIDTH=1177 HEIGHT=358 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE> 
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<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_line"><IMG SRC="jpg/2000px-Fraunhofer_lines3.jpg" ALT="Fraunhofer absorption lines"  WIDTH=1177 HEIGHT=543 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE></A> 
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<IMG SRC="jpg/DSC_8938.jpg" ALT="Screwdriver CD Spectroscope"  WIDTH=429 HEIGHT=258 BORDER=0 ALIGN=RIGHT>
<P>
The spectroscope eaisly shows the Fraunhofer <A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_lines">absorption lines</A> for F, b4-1, E, D3-1 and C.
</P>
<P>
<A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_line">Fraunhofer absorption lines</A> chart is from Wikipedia with a slice of the solar spectrum image overplayed on it.
The spectrum photo is not linear and does not fit exactly on the Fraunhofer absorption lines chart.
</P>
<P>
Dark Fraunhofer absorption lines identified in the spectrum image.
<UL>
<LI>F: hydrogen beta
<LI>c: iron
<LI>b4-1: magnesium triplet 
<LI>E: iron
<LI>D3-1: sodium doublet 
</UL>
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<P><B>Spectrum Anaylsis from Hydrogen Beta to Sodium Doublet</B></P>
<P>  
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<IMG SRC="jpg/Sun0007CalCFlat7c.jpg" ALT="Screwdriver CD Solar Spectrum from Hydrogen Beta to Sodium Doublet"  WIDTH=1073 HEIGHT=587 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE><BR>&nbsp; 
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<IMG SRC="jpg/capture_015_08102011_172744.jpg" ALT="Solar Spectrum Wavelength Calibration"  WIDTH=486 HEIGHT=378 BORDER=0 ALIGN=RIGHT> 
<P>
The above spectrum profile is the solar spectrum (uncalibrated intensity data) that has been divided by the shape of its own continuum to remove the continuum.
</P>
<P>
The solar spectrum was wavelength calibrated using RSpec 2nd order on hydrogen beta, the magnesium triplet and the sodium doublet.
</P>
<P>
The difference between the CCD camera pixels at the magnesium triplet wavelength is 2.01 Å.
</P>
<P>
It is impressive that a simple screwdriver and CD shows so many dim absorption lines that match correctly to the elements and resolves the magnesium triplet and the sodium doublet.
</P>

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<P><B>Solar Spectrum</B>&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../gif/links3.gif" ALT="Links" WIDTH=74 HEIGHT=30  BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE></P>
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.ursusmajor.ch/astrospektroskopie/richard-walkers-page/index.html">Spectroscopic Atlas for Amateur Astronomers Tables 41 and 42</A> by Richard Walker
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://ljr.bagn.obs-mip.fr/observing/spectrum/index.html">Visible Solar Spectrum</A> by Lunette Jean Rösch
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.cloudynights.com/ubbarchive/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/963599/page/90/view/collapsed/sb/6/o/all/fpart/1">High Resolution Solar Spectrum</A> by robin_astro 

<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://astro.u-strasbg.fr/~koppen/spectro/solare.html">The spectrum of the Sun</A> by Joachim Köppen Kiel
<LI><A HREF="SimpleNeedleSpectroscope.html">Simple Sewing Needle Sun Spectroscope</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.astro.washington.edu/courses/labs/clearinghouse/labs/Solarspec/sunspec.html">Identifying Lines in the Solar Spectrum</A> by Universitiy of Washington.
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://138.238.143.191/astronomy/Chaisson/AT416/HTML/AT41603.htm">The Solar Atmosphere</A> by Chaisson and McMillan
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.spectrohelioscope.org/net/charts.htm">The Sun's Fraunhofer Lines</A> by www.spectrohelioscope.org
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.coseti.org/9006-025.htm">The Most Intense Solar Fraunhofer Lines</A> Table reproduced from "Astrophysical Formulae", edited by K.R. Lang, Springer Verlag, 1978, p175
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://youtu.be/WaN48GSD6Uo">The Solar Spectrum</A> by loreastro

<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://bass2000.obspm.fr/solar_spect.php">High resolution solar spectrum</A> by BASS2000
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/liege/s00_0000.html">Liege Solar Spectral Atlas</A> 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://mo-www.harvard.edu/Java/MiniSpectroscopy.html">MiniSpectroscopy</A> by Physics Academic Software

<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://webtreatz.com/index.php/articles/34-general-articles/78-solar-spectrum">Solar Spectrum From Raheny
</A> by Dave Grennan 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.astroforo.net/astro/rspec/LISA/sun/SunvsSky.jpg">Solar spectrum and blue sky spectrum</A> by Rainer
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.astroforo.net/astro/rspec/LISA/sun/PureSun-vs-PaperSun.jpg">Solar spectrum and paper Solar spectrum</A> by Rainer  
</UL>

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<P><B>Solar Hydrogen β Spectrum</B></P>
<P>  
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<IMG SRC="jpg/Sun0007CalCFlat5cHbeta.jpg" ALT="H I β Spectrum"  WIDTH=1073 HEIGHT=587 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE><BR>&nbsp; 
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<P>
The hydrogen β absorption line contains three strong H I β lines that merge into one line.
</A>
<UL>
<LI>H I 4861.2786 Å NIST <A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/hydrogentable2_a.htm">Strong Lines of Hydrogen ( H )</A>
<LI>H I 4861.2870 Å
<LI>H I 4861.3615 Å
</UL>
</P>
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<P>Hydrogen Beta Spectrum Energy Levels</P>
<IMG SRC="jpg/capture_001_12102011_071303c.jpg" ALT="Hydrogen Beta Spectrum Energy Levels"  WIDTH=507 HEIGHT=323 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE><BR>&nbsp; 
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<P><B>Solar Sodium Doublet Spectrum</B></P>
<P>  
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<IMG SRC="jpg/Sun0007CalCFlat5cNa.jpg" ALT="Sodium Doublet Spectrum"  WIDTH=1073 HEIGHT=587 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE><BR>&nbsp; 
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<P>
The sodium doublet contains two strong lines of sodium.
</A>
<UL>
<LI>Na I 5889.950 Å NIST <A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/sodiumtable2_a.htm">Strong Lines of Sodium (Na)</A>
<LI>Na I 5895.924 Å NIST 
</UL>
<P>
The sodium doublet is caused by the absorption of light at λ 5890 Å and λ 5896 Å.  The sodium atom absorbs the light and the sodium electron jumps from the n=3, l=0 level to the n=3, l=1 s=+½ level or n=3, l=1 s=-½ level.
</P>
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<P>Sodium Doublet Spectrum Energy Levels</P>
<IMG SRC="jpg/capture_004_11102011_221255c.jpg" ALT="Sodium Doublet Spectrum Energy Levels"  WIDTH=503 HEIGHT=324 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE><BR>&nbsp; 
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<P><B>Solar Magnesium Triplet Spectrum</B></P>
<P>  
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<IMG SRC="jpg/Sun0007CalCFlat5cMg3.jpg" ALT="Magnesium Triplet Spectrum"  WIDTH=1073 HEIGHT=587 BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE><BR>&nbsp; 
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<P>
The magnesium triplet contains three strong lines of magnesium and one strong line of iron.  
There are weaker lines of iron that are not resolved in the magnesium triplet.
The b4 absorption line is composed of Mg I 5167.322 Å and Fe I 5167.4883 Å and is wider than the b2 Mg I 5172.684 Å and b1 Mg I 5183.604 Å absorption lines.
</A>
<UL>
<LI>Mg I 5167.322 Å NIST <A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/magnesiumtable2_a.htm">Strong Lines of Magnesium (Mg)</A>
<LI>Fe I 5167.4883 Å NIST <A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/irontable2_a.htm">Strong Lines of Iron (Fe)</A>
<LI>Mg I 5172.684 Å 
<LI>Mg I 5183.604 Å
</UL>
</P>
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<P><B>Web Pages with Solar Magnesium Triplet and Sodium Doublet Spectrums</B>&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../gif/links3.gif" ALT="Links" WIDTH=74 HEIGHT=30  BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE></P>
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://astrosurf.com/buil/chromosphere/obs.htm">Spectrographic Sun chromosphere observations at Pic Du Midi "Lunette Jean Rösch" with the eShel spectrograph
</A> by Jean-Pierre Rozelot, Valérie Desnoux, Christian Buil
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.astrosurf.org/buil/us/stage/calcul/design_us.htm">Theoretical Parameters for the Design of a “Classical” Spectrograph
</A> by Christian Buil
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://dwarmstr.blogspot.com/2005/02/blue-violet-solar-spectrum.html">Blue violet solar spectrum</A> by Dean W. Armstrong
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://home.freeuk.com/m.gavin/ebert.htm">wpo - Ebert style spectrograph from SCT</A> by Maurice Gavin 
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.aavso.org/gerald-p-dyck">Gerald P. Dyck</A> by Gerald P. Dyck
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://cacella.tachyonweb.net/blog/?cat=4">Sun Spectral Lines: First light of LHIRES III</A> by Paulo Cacella

<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://thizy.free.fr/shelyak/LhiresLite/PL0019A%20spectre-solaire%20Lhires%20Lite%20FR-EN.pdf">Solar Sepctrum</A> PDF by Olivier Thizy, O. Garde and R. Leadbeater
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://thizy.free.fr/shelyak/LhiresIII/Soleil300.pdf">Spectre du Soleil</A> PDF by Olivier Thizy

<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.pno-astronomy.com/Spettroscopia/Applicazioni/Spettroscopia%20solare/Spettroscopia%20solare.htm">Solar spectroscopy applications</A> by Fulvio Mete
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.lightfrominfinity.org/spettroscopia_solare.htm">HOME MADE SOLAR SPECTROSCOPY</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.pno-astronomy.com/Spettroscopia/Strumenti/Autocostruzione/Autocostruzione.htm">Self making of spectroscopes</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.pno-astronomy.com/Spettroscopia/Strumenti/Autocostruzione/Spettroscopi%20solari%20Hi%20Res/Hirss/HIRSS.HTM">High Resolution Solar Spectroscope</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.pno-astronomy.com/Spettroscopia/Strumenti/Autocostruzione/Spettroscopi%20solari%20Hi%20Res/Hirss2/HIRSS2.HTM">High Resolution Solar Spectroscope 2</A>
</UL>

<LI><A TARGET="_top" HREF="http://www.powershow.com/view/116b74-YTQ3Y/Module_06520_flash_ppt_presentation#">Magnesium Triplet in Module 06520</A> by PowerShow.com
</UL>


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<P><B>Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy</B>&nbsp;<IMG SRC="../gif/links3.gif" ALT="Links" WIDTH=74 HEIGHT=30  BORDER=0 ALIGN=MIDDLE></P>
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/profile?user=cassiopeiaproject#g/u">CassiopeiaProject</A> 
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKYso97eJs4">Spectral Lines</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_HEUHyoZWI">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 1a of 6)</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_t8dn4c6_g">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 1b of 6)</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfPhZpNcUUE">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 2 of 6)</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq1h6jg61yI">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 3 of 6)</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=groBKtfZfsA">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 4 of 6)</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLVWlGtqJ4o">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 5 of 6)</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc_VxquAUsw">Quantum Mechanics (Chapter 6 of 6)</A>
</UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4yg4HTm3uk">Spectrum of the Stars</A> by LakeviewMuseum
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://orca.phys.uvic.ca/~tatum/stellatm.html">Stellar Atmospheres</A> by Dr. J. B. Tatum
<LI>Michael Richmond
<UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/lectures/blackbody/blackbody.html">Continuous Spectra</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/lectures/comp/comp.html">Deriving chemical composition from spectra</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys440/lectures/boltz/boltz.html">Boltzmann Equation</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys440/phys440.html">Physics 440, Astrophysics I, Winter 2003 </A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys301/phys301.html">Physics 301, University Astronomy, Spring 2005</A>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys445/phys445.html">Physics 445: Observational Astronomy</A>
</UL>
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/Stars.html">Stellar Spectra</A> by Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/spectra.html">Spectra</A> by James B. Kaler
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/science/hubble.html">STELLAR FINGERPRINTS: THE SPECTRA OF STARS</A> By The Space Telescope Science Institute
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://star.ucl.ac.uk/~pac/spectral_classification.html">The Classification of Stellar Spectra</A> By Jesse S. Allen
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/astrophysics/files/spectroscopy.html">Stellar Spectroscopy</A> By UniS
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/spectroscopytop.html">Spectroscopy: Unlocking the Secret in Starlight</A> By Australia Telescope Outreach and Education
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://voyager2.dvc.edu/faculty/kcastle/Classifying_stellar_spectra.htm">Classifying Stellar Spectra</A> By Karen Castle
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://webs.wichita.edu/astronomy/Testbank/spectra.htm">Spectra Test</A> By Wichita State University
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.ucblueash.edu/koehler/astrophys/spectra.html">Spectra</A> By Kenneth R. Koehler
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://hera.ph1.uni-koeln.de/~heintzma/Spectra/HarvClassSpec.htm">The Classification of Stellar Spectra: Old and new</A> By H. Heintzmann
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.astro.washington.edu/users/anamunn/Astro101/Project1/stellar_spectroscopy_introduction.html">Stellar Spectroscopy</A> By NOAO
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://quarknet.fnal.gov/quarknet-summer-research/QNET2010/Astronomy/index.html">Overview of Stellar Spectra</A> By F.R.O.G.S.
<LI><A TARGET="_top" href="http://www.slideshare.net/radmila/stellar-spectra-presentation">Stellar Spectra</A> By SlideShare
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